What is Evolutionary Psychology?
Evolutionary psychology is a fascinating scientific field that explores human behavior by taking into account the influence of evolution. It combines the study of psychology with biology to uncover the underlying reasons behind our emotions, thoughts, and actions.
Just as evolutionary biologists explain the physical features of organisms through natural selection, evolutionary psychologists apply Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to understand how the human mind has developed over time.
Picture our ancestors living on the African savanna, adapting to their environment over thousands of years. During this process, not only did our bodies change, but our brains did as well. Evolutionary psychology investigates how our minds have been shaped by the need to survive and reproduce. By studying this field, we can gain insights into the fundamental reasons behind our behavior, rather than just the immediate triggers.
For example, feelings of romantic jealousy and the tendency to guard our mates can be understood in the context of our evolutionary history. While these behaviors may seem puzzling at first, they can be traced back to the fact that, in the past, losing a romantic partner would have threatened our ability to have children and raise a family.
In essence, evolutionary psychology provides a unique perspective on human behavior, helping us uncover the deeper evolutionary forces that have shaped our minds and actions.
The History of Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology has its roots in Charles Darwin’s groundbreaking theory of natural selection, which he introduced in his famous book, “The Origin of Species.” Darwin predicted that psychology would eventually be based on the gradual acquisition of mental powers through evolution. His work on animal emotions and psychology further inspired the development of evolutionary psychology.
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The field gained momentum with the emergence of evolutionary biology in the 1930s and 1940s, coupled with the study of animal behavior known as ethology. Researchers like Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl von Frisch contributed to understanding animal behavior through an evolutionary lens.
In the 1960s and 1970s, key papers by W.D. Hamilton and Robert Trivers introduced concepts like inclusive fitness, reciprocity, and parental investment, establishing evolutionary thinking in psychology and other social sciences. Edward O. Wilson’s book “Sociobiology: The New Synthesis” further integrated evolutionary theory with the study of animal and social behavior.
During this time, two branches emerged from ethology: sociobiology, focusing on the biological basis of social behavior, and behavioral ecology, exploring the ecological and evolutionary foundations of behavior.
The term “evolutionary psychology” gained prominence with the publication of books like “The Evolution of Human Sexuality” by Donald Symons and “The Adapted Mind” by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. These works proposed that complex mental computations in the human mind have evolved over time.
Evolutionary psychology faced criticism, with concerns of sexism, racism, and misconceptions related to eugenics. However, it has also provided valuable insights into human behavior by uncovering universal preferences and biases across cultures.
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Overall, the historical development of evolutionary psychology has been influenced by prominent figures, significant books, and the integration of evolutionary biology, ethology, and psychology. It has paved the way for understanding how our minds have evolved to shape our behaviors and responses in the modern world.
5 Principles of Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a discipline that explores how our brains and behavior have been shaped by natural selection over time. It is based on several fundamental principles/tenets proposed by influential evolutionary psychologists Leda Cosmides and John Tooby (Tooby and Cosmides 2005).
These principles highlight the focus of evolutionary psychology on understanding the evolved cognitive mechanisms that underlie human behavior. They emphasize the universality of these mechanisms across human populations.
The research methods used in evolutionary psychology draw from psychology and experiments are conducted to test hypotheses related to these principles. These principles provide insights into the workings of the human mind and how evolutionary processes have shaped our behavior.
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Brain as an Adaptive Computer
The brain, designed by natural selection, functions as an information-processing computer, extracting information from the environment.
Behavior as a Product of Cognitive Programs
Our individual behavior is generated by the cognitive programs or mechanisms within our brain that process information from the environment. Understanding behavior requires understanding these cognitive programs.
Adaptations of the Brain
The cognitive programs in our brain are adaptations that have evolved because they enabled our ancestors to survive and reproduce.
Relevance of Ancestral Environments
While the cognitive programs may not be currently adaptive, they were adaptive in the ancestral environments. They continue to influence our behavior, even in modern contexts.
Specialized Cognitive Modules
The brain is composed of specialized cognitive modules or mechanisms, similar to organs in our body, each serving a specific function. These modules have evolved to address specific challenges and are not general-purpose.
How Evolutionary Psychology Explains Behaviors (Examples)
Evolutionary psychology explains behaviors by looking at how they were shaped by our ancestors’ survival and reproduction needs. Our brain has evolved specialized modules that help us solve specific problems.
These modules influence our behaviors, even in modern times. By understanding these evolved mechanisms, we gain insights into why we think, feel, and act the way we do.
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Let’s look at some of the examples of behaviors explained by evolutionary psychology:
Fear of Predators
If you feel instinctively afraid of bears and wolves, it could be because your ancestors learned the hard way that avoiding these animals was crucial for survival in the wild.
Partner Selection Preferences
Choosing a partner in the past meant selecting someone who exhibited behaviors and traits that ensured the well-being of the community and offspring. Evolutionary psychology suggests that your current preferences in a partner may be influenced by the choices made by your ancestral clan.
Dislike of Dishonesty
Dishonesty may be deeply ingrained as distasteful because trust was essential in primitive communities where people relied on each other for survival. If someone couldn’t be trusted, they would be less likely to receive support or cooperation.
Feeling Anxious
Evolutionary psychology can explain certain negative emotions like anxiety. For instance, growing up in a culture with a history of unpredictability or facing greater dangers may lead to higher levels of anxiety. This heightened state of alertness could have become a protective trait in the face of uncertain and potentially dangerous situations.
Food Preferences
Evolutionary psychologists can also shed light on our food preferences. For example, a preference for high-calorie foods like sweets and fatty foods may stem from our ancestors’ need to consume energy-dense foods when they were scarce. This preference was beneficial for survival during times of food scarcity but can be problematic in modern environments with abundant food availability.
Criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology, despite its interdisciplinary nature and fascinating insights, has faced criticism within the scientific community. In 2010, researchers from the University of Texas at Austin highlighted key concerns:
- Difficulty in testing and understanding ancient human habits: It can be challenging to accurately determine how ancient behaviors translate into modern behaviors, making it difficult to test and prove evolutionary psychological hypotheses.
- Contradiction with domain-general rationality: Evolutionary psychology challenges the idea that behaviors result solely from in-the-moment critical thinking, contradicting the notion of domain-general rationality.
- Rejection of the blank slate mind: Unlike many modern theories, evolutionary psychology suggests that the mind is not a completely malleable entity shaped solely through personal experiences but has inherent predispositions.
- Limited explanation of cultural phenomena: The original framework of evolutionary psychology does not adequately explain cultural phenomena and the transmission of beliefs and ideals across generations, necessitating further research.
These concerns have led to resistance and debate within academia, with criticism encompassing conceptual, political, validity, sampling, and religious matters. Some of the resistance stems from the potential implications for politics, society, methodology, and incongruity with religious teachings.
Nonetheless, evolutionary psychology continues to be an influential paradigm within psychology.
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Evolutionary Psychology: Today
Evolutionary psychology, which emerged in the late 1980s, combines insights from various fields to understand how our behavior and psychology have been shaped by evolution. It is rooted in Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which explains how an organism’s physical features are adapted to the challenges posed by its environment.
Today, evolutionary psychology continues to explore how specific species have developed unique behaviors and psychological mechanisms that suit their ecological demands. For instance, dogs have a highly developed sense of smell for hunting, while humans have a color vision for identifying ripe fruits.
Additionally, natural selection has favored learning and memory biases that align with the specific needs of different species. By studying these adaptations, evolutionary psychology provides valuable insights into human behavior and cognition in modern times.
References:
- Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.
- Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species. Oxford University Press.
- Jonason, P. K., & Schmitt, D. P. (2016). Quantifying common criticisms of evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2(3), 177–188.
- Confer JC, et al. (2010). Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations.
labs.la.utexas.edu/buss/files/2015/09/evolutionary_psychology_AP_2010.pdf - https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-psychology/
- https://www.britannica.com/science/evolutionary-psychology
- Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.
- Wilson, D. S. (2002). Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, religion, and the nature of society. University of Chicago Press.